Şişman, Y.(2003); ‘‘Child and Youth Labour in Turkey with Regards Social Policies’’, Kamu İş: İş Hukuku ve İktisat Magazine, C. VII, Issue No.2.

Number of Works Cited: –

Scope:

Our purpose in this study is not to determine the dimension and attributes of the problem but at the same time to make even a small contribution to the solution of the problem by revealing the targets. Forms, means and limited nature of policies aimed at protecting child and youth labour. This study basically discusses child and youth labour in the urban area. Because there are evidences proving that there is visible increase in child and youth labour particularly in the urban area in last 20-30 years. In addition, children and youth working in the urban areas are most probably more unjustly treated than those working in the rural parts; therefore they deserved the special interest of academicians with regards policy production. However, most of what has been said in this article is fully valid for the agricultural sector as well.

An Excerpt from the Article:

Low economical development level in our country and more importantly unfair distribution of income results in the issue of poverty. Besides a population increase of 18,3%, which may be considered quick, increases the spare of children in the overall population. However, because social services are not increased in parallel with the increase in the number of children and youth on grounds of insufficient budget, participations in the work force in early ages are inevitable. Continuation of migration from rural parts to urban parts and inability to develop employment opportunities in cities, and even the shrinkage in employment due to crises in recent years and unemployment raises urban poverty to the top of our country’s social issues and it is mostly the children who take over this responsibility.

Some Keywords:

child labour, young labour force, city problems, children working in rural areas, social politics, socio-economic level, poverty

Dikbayır, G.; Dayıoğlu, M.; Bakır, A.; Ataöv, A.(2001); ‘Effects of Income on Child Employment’, (In: Seminar on Working Children in Turkey), DIE Publications, Ankara, p.161-181.

Number of Works Cited: 14

Scope:

The study covers the children aged between 6 and 17. Based on child labour statistics of 1999, this study discusses whether or not there is correlation between poverty and working of children in income generating jobs in Turkey. As in many other studies, poverty is only covered with its income aspect. The study uses the unpublished data of child labour survey realized by questionnaire forms related to children between the ages 5 and 17 conducted by DIE in 1999 and inserted into the October household labour survey. According to this study, there are 16.088.108 children between the ages 6 and 17 in Turkey. About 10% of these children are working in income generating jobs.

An Excerpt from the Article:

Results obtained from this study based on the 1999 Child Labour Survey demonstrate that 10,17% of children between the ages 6 and 17 throughout Turkey are working. Separately considering rural and urban settlements, it is seen that 6% of children are working in urban areas while a very high percentage like 17% of children are working in rural areas. (p.178)

Some Keywords:

child workers, income level, household labour force survey, children working in rural areas, poverty

Title of the Study: Children Working in Rural Areas – Probems and Solution Suggestions

Type of the Study: Unpublished report

Authors of the Study: Turkish Development Foundation Durağan Project Directorate

Presentation,

Year/Place of Publication: November 1995, Sinop

Language of the Study: Turkish

Number of Pages: 19

Purpose: To outline what can be done to children living in rural areas especially in poor forest villages that are within the category that ILO defined who work for more than 5 months a year apart from their family and their village and supply their labour to others to contribute to family income.

Content: Report gives the findings of the Turkish Development Foundation’s 1991 ‘‘Development of Proper Public Forestry’’ project. And then Child Labour Types in Rural Turkey and Vocational Training to Children Working in Rural Areas surveys of Turkish Development Foundation and ILO are mentioned. The reactions of children that are hired in the child bazaar formed in Bafra, the renters expectations about the child, the properties of the employer family, the daily work plan of children, places where these children stay, clothes contribution to these children, recreational time spending, friendships and family relations are explained. And then project propsals aiming to cultivate the families in rural areas that would be sustainable are discussed. In the appendix part photographs, print pastes of newspapers and Turkish Development Foundation Project Directorate Village Maps are presented.

Method: The work depends on some field surveys and project foundings.

Excerpt: Every year where children are hired, rented and salary bargains are made in Samsun’s Bafra town child bazaar which resembles a child stock market which is presented as an ordinary news by the broadcasters just because of its news value is a typical example of child labour.

Some Keywords: child market, child bazaar, renting-selling children, children working in rural areas

Title of the Study: Advice Group First Meeting

Type of the Study: Meeting Report (Working Childern Department Capacity Building Project / Within ILO-IPEC Context)

Authors of the Study: Ministry of Labour and Social Security Department of Working Children

Presentation,

Year/Place of Publication: November 1996, Ankara

Language of the Study: Turkish

Number of Pages: 100

Purpose: The aim of advice group is to gather organisations, associations, foundations, labour unions, NGO’s and government agencies fighting against child labour to share knowledge and experinece and to create a platform to find solutions to the problem. This report aims to share the knowledge, experince and solution propasals to the problem mentioned.

Content: People attend to this meeting from organisations, associations, foundations, labour unions, NGO’s, universities and government agencies. After the openening speach members of the comittee and the projects are presented. In the workshops children working in informal sector, children working in rural areas, the ways to benefit from mass communication services, children working in service sectors, apprentice children, legal and administrative framework for child labour are discussed. Labour General Directorate- Working Children Department (the projects are outlined), Gürhan Fişek- Fişek Health Services and Research Institute (Fişek Model is presented), TESK Vocational Training Center(Workplace inspection is emphasised), TİSK( presented its ongoing projects), Ministry of Education Apprentice and General Education Directorate (ILO-IPEC projects are presented), Center for Children on The Streets of Ankara (gave knowledge about the center) presented these subjects.

Method: Oral and written presentations are quoted.

Excerpt: The importance of this project is that Turkey is one of the two countries that is implementing the ILO project with three partite approach. I guess one is India and the other one is Turkey. The othee countries are implementing the projects only with the governance of labour unions and governments. Though Turkey is using the three partite approach with the inclusion of employers. Therefore, Turkey is under close follow up by the ILO center. (p.13)

Some Keywords: apprentices, informal sector, public institutions, children working in rural areas, trade unions, NGOs